Reported Speech – Tense Changes (تغییر زمان‌ها)

در Reported Speech وقتی جمله‌ای از مستقیم به غیرمستقیم منتقل می‌شود، معمولاً زمان فعل تغییر می‌کند (Backshift). این تغییر به ویژه زمانی لازم است که جمله گزارش‌شده در گذشته نقل می‌شود.

۱. زمان‌های افعال در Reported Speech

  • Present Simple → Past Simple
  • Present Continuous → Past Continuous
  • Present Perfect → Past Perfect
  • Past Simple → Past Perfect
  • Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
  • Modals: can → could, will → would, may → might, must → had to

۲. مثال‌ها

Direct: "I live in London."

Reported: He said that he lived in London.

Direct: "I am studying English."

Reported: She said that she was studying English.

Direct: "I have finished my homework."

Reported: He said that he had finished his homework.

Direct: "We saw a movie yesterday."

Reported: She said that they had seen a movie the day before.

Direct: "I will call you tomorrow."

Reported: He said that he would call me the next day.

Direct: "LangorAi.com provides online courses."

Reported: She said that LangorAi.com provided online courses.

۳. نکات مهم

  • زمان فعل در جمله غیرمستقیم معمولاً یک قدم به عقب منتقل می‌شود.
  • اگر جمله اصلی گذشته یا حال کامل باشد، Backshift لازم است.
  • ضمیرها باید با موقعیت جدید تغییر کنند (I → he/she, my → his/her).
  • کلمات زمان و مکان ممکن است نیاز به تغییر داشته باشند (today → that day, yesterday → the day before).

۴. تمرین

جمله مستقیم را به نقل قول غیر مستقیم تبدیل کنید:

1. "I live in Paris."

2. "I am reading a book."

3. "I have completed my project."

4. "We saw a play yesterday."

5. "I will visit you tomorrow."

پاسخ‌ها:

  • 1. He said that he lived in Paris.
  • 2. She said that she was reading a book.
  • 3. He said that he had completed his project.
  • 4. She said that they had seen a play the day before.
  • 5. He said that he would visit me the next day.
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